#pragma once
#include <cassert>
#include <cstddef>
#include <cstdint>
#include <iterator>
#include <string>
#include <string_view>

#include "byte_type.h"
#include "span.h"

namespace oxenc {

namespace detail {

    /// Compile-time generated lookup tables for base32z conversion.  This is case insensitive
    /// (though for byte -> b32z conversion we always produce lower case).
    struct b32z_table {
        // Store the 0-31 decoded value of every possible char; all the chars that aren't valid are
        // set to 0.  (If you don't trust your data, check it with is_base32z first, which uses
        // these 0's to detect invalid characters -- which is why we want a full 256 element array).
        char from_b32z_lut[256];
        // Store the encoded character of every 0-31 (5 bit) value.
        char to_b32z_lut[32];

        // constexpr constructor that fills out the above (and should do it at compile time for any
        // half decent compiler).
        consteval b32z_table() noexcept :
                from_b32z_lut{}, to_b32z_lut{'y', 'b', 'n', 'd', 'r', 'f', 'g', '8', 'e', 'j', 'k',
                                             'm', 'c', 'p', 'q', 'x', 'o', 't', '1', 'u', 'w', 'i',
                                             's', 'z', 'a', '3', '4', '5', 'h', '7', '6', '9'} {
            for (char c = 0; c < 32; c++) {
                char x = to_b32z_lut[+c];
                from_b32z_lut[+x] = c;
                if (x >= 'a' && x <= 'z')
                    from_b32z_lut[x - 'a' + 'A'] = c;
            }
        }
        // Convert a b32z encoded character into a 0-31 value
        constexpr char from_b32z(unsigned char c) const noexcept { return from_b32z_lut[c]; }
        // Convert a 0-31 value into a b32z encoded character
        constexpr char to_b32z(unsigned char b) const noexcept { return to_b32z_lut[b]; }
    };
    inline constexpr b32z_table b32z_lut{};

    // This main point of this static assert is to force the compiler to compile-time build the
    // constexpr tables.
    static_assert(
            b32z_lut.from_b32z('w') == 20 && b32z_lut.from_b32z('T') == 17 &&
                    b32z_lut.to_b32z(5) == 'f',
            "");

}  // namespace detail

/// Returns the number of characters required to encode a base32z string from the given number of
/// bytes.
inline constexpr size_t to_base32z_size(size_t byte_size) {
    return (byte_size * 8 + 4) / 5;
}  // ⌈bits/5⌉ because 5 bits per byte

/// Returns the number of bytes required to decode a base32z string of the given size.  Returns 0
/// if the given size is not a valid base32z encoded string length.
inline constexpr size_t from_base32z_size(size_t b32z_size) {
    size_t bits = b32z_size * 5;
    return bits % 8 < 5 ? bits / 8 : 0;  // 5+ unused bits means we have an invalid extra character
}  // ⌊bits/8⌋

/// Iterable object for on-the-fly base32z encoding.  Used internally, but also particularly useful
/// when converting from one encoding to another.
template <typename InputIt>
struct base32z_encoder final {
  private:
    InputIt _it, _end;
    static_assert(
            sizeof(decltype(*_it)) == 1, "base32z_encoder requires chars/bytes input iterator");
    // Number of bits held in r; will always be >= 5 until we are at the end.
    int bits{_it != _end ? 8 : 0};
    // Holds bits of data we've already read, which might belong to current or next chars
    uint_fast16_t r{bits ? static_cast<unsigned char>(*_it) : (unsigned char)0};

  public:
    using iterator_category = std::input_iterator_tag;
    using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
    using value_type = char;
    using reference = value_type;
    using pointer = void;
    constexpr base32z_encoder(InputIt begin, InputIt end) :
            _it{std::move(begin)}, _end{std::move(end)} {}

    constexpr base32z_encoder end() { return {_end, _end}; }

    constexpr bool operator==(const base32z_encoder& i) const {
        return _it == i._it && bits == i.bits;
    }
    constexpr bool operator!=(const base32z_encoder& i) const { return !(*this == i); }

    constexpr base32z_encoder& operator++() {
        assert(bits >= 5);
        // Discard the most significant 5 bits
        bits -= 5;
        r &= static_cast<decltype(r)>((1 << bits) - 1);
        // If we end up with less than 5 significant bits then try to pull another 8 bits:
        if (bits < 5 && _it != _end) {
            if (++_it != _end) {
                (r <<= 8) |= static_cast<unsigned char>(*_it);
                bits += 8;
            } else if (bits > 0) {
                // No more input bytes, so shift `r` to put the bits we have into the most
                // significant bit position for the final character.  E.g. if we have "11" we want
                // the last character to be encoded "11000".
                r <<= (5 - bits);
                bits = 5;
            }
        }
        return *this;
    }
    constexpr base32z_encoder operator++(int) {
        base32z_encoder copy{*this};
        ++*this;
        return copy;
    }

    constexpr char operator*() {
        // Right-shift off the excess bits we aren't accessing yet
        return detail::b32z_lut.to_b32z(static_cast<unsigned char>(r >> (bits - 5)));
    }
};

/// Converts bytes into a base32z encoded character sequence, writing them starting at `out`.
/// Returns the final value of out (i.e. the iterator positioned just after the last written base32z
/// character).
template <typename InputIt, typename OutputIt>
OutputIt to_base32z(InputIt begin, InputIt end, OutputIt out) {
    static_assert(sizeof(decltype(*begin)) == 1, "to_base32z requires chars/bytes");
    base32z_encoder it{begin, end};
    return std::copy(it, it.end(), out);
}

/// Creates a base32z string from an iterator pair of a byte sequence.
template <typename It>
std::string to_base32z(It begin, It end) {
    std::string base32z;
    if constexpr (std::is_base_of_v<
                          std::random_access_iterator_tag,
                          typename std::iterator_traits<It>::iterator_category>) {
        using std::distance;
        base32z.reserve(to_base32z_size(static_cast<size_t>(distance(begin, end))));
    }
    to_base32z(begin, end, std::back_inserter(base32z));
    return base32z;
}

/// Creates a base32z string from an iterable, std::string-like object
template <basic_char CharT>
std::string to_base32z(std::basic_string_view<CharT> s) {
    return to_base32z(s.begin(), s.end());
}
inline std::string to_base32z(std::string_view s) {
    return to_base32z<>(s);
}
template <basic_char CharT>
std::string to_base32z(const std::basic_string<CharT>& s) {
    return to_base32z(s.begin(), s.end());
}

template <basic_char CharT>
std::string to_base32z(std::span<CharT> s) {
    return to_base32z(s.begin(), s.end());
}

/// Returns true if the given [begin, end) range is an acceptable base32z string: specifically every
/// character must be in the base32z alphabet, and the string must be a valid encoding length that
/// could have been produced by to_base32z (i.e. some lengths are impossible).
template <typename It>
constexpr bool is_base32z(It begin, It end) {
    static_assert(sizeof(decltype(*begin)) == 1, "is_base32z requires chars/bytes");
    size_t count = 0;
    constexpr bool random = std::is_base_of_v<
            std::random_access_iterator_tag,
            typename std::iterator_traits<It>::iterator_category>;
    if constexpr (random) {
        using std::distance;
        count = static_cast<size_t>(distance(begin, end) % 8);
        if (count == 1 || count == 3 || count == 6)  // see below
            return false;
    }
    for (; begin != end; ++begin) {
        auto c = static_cast<unsigned char>(*begin);
        if (detail::b32z_lut.from_b32z(c) == 0 && !(c == 'y' || c == 'Y'))
            return false;
        if constexpr (!random)
            count++;
    }
    // Check for a valid length.
    // - 5n + 0 bytes encodes to 8n chars (no padding bits)
    // - 5n + 1 bytes encodes to 8n+2 chars (last 2 bits are padding)
    // - 5n + 2 bytes encodes to 8n+4 chars (last 4 bits are padding)
    // - 5n + 3 bytes encodes to 8n+5 chars (last 1 bit is padding)
    // - 5n + 4 bytes encodes to 8n+7 chars (last 3 bits are padding)
    if constexpr (!random)
        if (count %= 8; count == 1 || count == 3 || count == 6)
            return false;
    return true;
}

/// Returns true if all elements in the string-like value are base32z characters
template <basic_char CharT>
constexpr bool is_base32z(std::basic_string_view<CharT> s) {
    return is_base32z(s.begin(), s.end());
}

constexpr bool is_base32z(std::string_view s) {
    return is_base32z<>(s);
}

template <basic_char CharT>
constexpr bool is_base32z(const std::basic_string<CharT>& s) {
    return is_base32z(s.begin(), s.end());
}

template <basic_char CharT>
constexpr bool is_base32z(std::span<CharT> s) {
    return is_base32z(s.begin(), s.end());
}

/// Iterable object for on-the-fly base32z decoding.  Used internally, but also particularly useful
/// when converting from one encoding to another.  The input range must be a valid base32z
/// encoded string.
///
/// Note that we ignore "padding" bits without requiring that they actually be 0.  For instance, the
/// bytes "\ff\ff" are ideally encoded as "999o" (16 bits of 1s + 4 padding 0 bits), but we don't
/// require that the padding bits be 0.  That is, "9999", "9993", etc. will all decode to the same
/// \ff\ff output string.
template <typename InputIt>
struct base32z_decoder final {
  private:
    InputIt _it, _end;
    static_assert(
            sizeof(decltype(*_it)) == 1, "base32z_decoder requires chars/bytes input iterator");
    uint_fast16_t in = 0;
    int bits = 0;  // number of bits loaded into `in`; will be in [8, 12] until we hit the end
  public:
    using iterator_category = std::input_iterator_tag;
    using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
    using value_type = char;
    using reference = value_type;
    using pointer = void;
    constexpr base32z_decoder(InputIt begin, InputIt end) :
            _it{std::move(begin)}, _end{std::move(end)} {
        if (_it != _end)
            load_byte();
    }

    constexpr base32z_decoder end() { return {_end, _end}; }

    constexpr bool operator==(const base32z_decoder& i) const { return _it == i._it; }
    constexpr bool operator!=(const base32z_decoder& i) const { return _it != i._it; }

    constexpr base32z_decoder& operator++() {
        // Discard 8 most significant bits
        bits -= 8;
        in &= static_cast<decltype(in)>((1 << bits) - 1);
        if (++_it != _end)
            load_byte();
        return *this;
    }
    constexpr base32z_decoder operator++(int) {
        base32z_decoder copy{*this};
        ++*this;
        return copy;
    }

    constexpr char operator*() { return static_cast<char>(in >> (bits - 8)); }

  private:
    constexpr void load_in() {
        (in <<= 5) |= static_cast<unsigned char>(
                detail::b32z_lut.from_b32z(static_cast<unsigned char>(*_it)));
        bits += 5;
    }

    constexpr void load_byte() {
        load_in();
        if (bits < 8 && ++_it != _end)
            load_in();

        // If we hit the _end iterator above then we hit the end of the input with fewer than 8 bits
        // accumulated to make a full byte.  For a properly encoded base32z string this should only
        // be possible with 0-4 bits of all 0s; these are essentially "padding" bits (e.g. encoding
        // 2 byte (16 bits) requires 4 b32z chars (20 bits), where only the first 16 bits are
        // significant).  Ideally any padding bits should be 0, but we don't check that and rather
        // just ignore them.
        //
        // It also isn't possible to get here with 5-7 bits if the string passes `is_base32z`
        // because the length checks we do there disallow such a length as valid.  (If you were to
        // pass such a string to us anyway then we are technically UB, but the current
        // implementation just ignore the extra bits as if they are extra padding).
    }
};

/// Converts a sequence of base32z digits to bytes.  Undefined behaviour if any characters are not
/// valid base32z alphabet characters.  It is permitted for the input and output ranges to overlap
/// as long as `out` is no later than `begin`.
///
template <typename InputIt, typename OutputIt>
constexpr OutputIt from_base32z(InputIt begin, InputIt end, OutputIt out) {
    static_assert(sizeof(decltype(*begin)) == 1, "from_base32z requires chars/bytes");
    assert(is_base32z(begin, end));
    base32z_decoder it{begin, end};
    auto bend = it.end();
    while (it != bend)
        *out++ = static_cast<detail::byte_type_t<OutputIt>>(*it++);
    return out;
}

/// Convert a base32z sequence into a std::string of bytes.  Undefined behaviour if any characters
/// are not valid (case-insensitive) base32z characters.
template <typename It>
std::string from_base32z(It begin, It end) {
    std::string bytes;
    if constexpr (std::is_base_of_v<
                          std::random_access_iterator_tag,
                          typename std::iterator_traits<It>::iterator_category>) {
        using std::distance;
        bytes.reserve(from_base32z_size(static_cast<size_t>(distance(begin, end))));
    }
    from_base32z(begin, end, std::back_inserter(bytes));
    return bytes;
}

/// Converts base32z digits from a std::string-like object into a std::string of bytes.  Undefined
/// behaviour if any characters are not valid (case-insensitive) base32z characters.
template <basic_char CharT>
std::string from_base32z(std::basic_string_view<CharT> s) {
    return from_base32z(s.begin(), s.end());
}

inline std::string from_base32z(std::string_view s) {
    return from_base32z<>(s);
}

template <basic_char CharT>
std::string from_base32z(const std::basic_string<CharT>& s) {
    return from_base32z(s.begin(), s.end());
}

template <basic_char CharT>
std::string from_base32z(std::span<CharT> s) {
    return from_base32z(s.begin(), s.end());
}

namespace detail {
    template <basic_char Char, size_t N>
    struct b32z_literal {
        consteval b32z_literal(const char (&str)[N]) {
            valid = is_base32z(str, str + N - 1);
            auto end = valid ? from_base32z(str, str + N - 1, decoded) : decoded;
            while (end < std::end(decoded))
                *end++ = Char{0};
        }

        static inline constexpr size_t size{from_base32z_size(N - 1)};
        Char decoded[size + 1];

        bool valid;

        constexpr const_span<const Char> span() const { return {decoded, size}; }
    };
    template <size_t N>
    struct c_b32z_literal : b32z_literal<char, N> {
        consteval c_b32z_literal(const char (&h)[N]) : b32z_literal<char, N>{h} {}
    };
    template <size_t N>
    struct b_b32z_literal : b32z_literal<std::byte, N> {
        consteval b_b32z_literal(const char (&h)[N]) : b32z_literal<std::byte, N>{h} {}
    };
    template <size_t N>
    struct u_b32z_literal : b32z_literal<unsigned char, N> {
        consteval u_b32z_literal(const char (&h)[N]) : b32z_literal<unsigned char, N>{h} {}
    };
}  // namespace detail

inline namespace literals {
    template <detail::c_b32z_literal Base32z>
    constexpr auto operator""_b32z() {
        static_assert(Base32z.valid, "invalid base32z literal");
        return Base32z.span();
    }

    template <detail::b_b32z_literal Base32z>
    constexpr auto operator""_b32z_b() {
        static_assert(Base32z.valid, "invalid base32z literal");
        return Base32z.span();
    }

    template <detail::u_b32z_literal Base32z>
    constexpr auto operator""_b32z_u() {
        static_assert(Base32z.valid, "invalid base32z literal");
        return Base32z.span();
    }
}  // namespace literals

}  // namespace oxenc
